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The pharmaceutical agent pholcodine is a component of a variety of anti-coughing medical agents, and its clinical significance is based in the antitussive property. Pholcodine is generally a class of clinical agents in the family of opiods and it has been successfully prescribed for a variety of medical conditions in humans (Harnden et Al., 2006). The most important use of this therapeutically agent pholcodine is as a cough suppressant, especially via the codeine derivatives which are well known for their cough suppressing action.
After its administration orally, the drug pholcodine passes through the blood brain barrier and its action is usually directly on the central nervous system inhibiting [url=http://www.par5club.com/louboutin.php]louboutin pas cher[/url] the cough reflex. In the body pholcodine has a half life of about 35 hours through an heaptic metabolism followed by its renal excretion. Therefore it is strongly advised that people with liver problems unless with physician consultation may have a contra- indication for Pholcodine or any other products containing codeine such as codeine phosphate.
This is because since liver disease or impairment may reduce its rate of metabolism in the body, the antitussive activity may be prolonged leading to several side effects to the patients. Chemical and physical structure of drug The molecular formula of pholcodine is C23H30N2O4, and it has an average mass of about 398.4953 Da, with a monoisotopic mass of about 398.220551 Da.
The systematic name of this is 6-ol. The physical properties of the orally administered drug formulation is a white, or almost white crystalline powder; with no foul, bitterpungent; significantly aqueous alkaline reaction (Cerveri et Al., 2003). The therapeutic agents are acetone or chloroform soluble in water slightly dissolved in ethyl ether was slightly soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid solution. The pharmacological effects of pholcodine is similar to codeine phosphate antitussive based on the central nervous effect [url=http://www.teatrodeoro.com/hollisterde.php]hollister deutschland[/url] in the brain medulla, but also sedative and analgesic effects, but more addictive codeine phosphate weak.
Pharmacological action
The pholcodine's pharmacodynamics for instance in therapeutic agents such as Promethazine HCl is exerted majorly through effects of antagonizing the histamine H1-receptors on the effector [url=http://www.mxitcms.com/abercrombie/]abercrombie[/url] cell without involvement of agonist molecules (Morice et Al., 2006). The mode of action is basically [url=http://www.fibmilano.it]woolrich outlet[/url] based in competitive and reversible, and pholcodine is a cough [url=http://www.giuseppezanottipaschere.com]giuseppe zanotti sneakers[/url] suppressant which has a central activity on the cough centre in the medulla. Although structurally the drug is related to morphine, pholcodine has no analgesic effects and in general it has little patient sedative activity. This is because unlike other cough suppressants such as codeine, there is little or no metabolism of pholcodine to morphine and thus contributing to lack [url=http://www.giuseppezanottipaschere.com]giuseppe zanotti soldes[/url] of analgesic activity, [url=http://www.riad-marrakesh.fr]abercrombie pas cher[/url] morphine-like side-effects as well as addictive potential. Ephedrine HCl is a sympathomimetic agent with direct and indirect effects on adrenergic receptors, and it has both α- and β-adrenergic activity and has pronounced stimulating effects on the CNS.
Pharmacokinetics of pholcodine is well absorbed after an oral administration via the gastrointestinal tract and the peak plasma concentrations is achieved within 2-3 hrs although this is followed by a low systemic bioavailability. This low plasma concentrations of the pholcodine metabolites is due to high first-pass metabolism in the liver, but it is widely distributed; as it freely pass the blood-brain barriers and enters the brain as well as crossing the placenta. Due to its high levels of plasma protein binding the drug undergoes extensive metabolism, and it is excreted via urine and bile, largely in form of its metabolites, and generally it has elimination half-lives of 5-14 hrs (Pratter et Al., 2006). Pholcodine [url=http://www.tagverts.com/barbour.php]barbour deutschland[/url] is metabolized in the liver therefore its effects may be prolonged in cases of liver diseases or hepatic insufficiency.
Physiological effects
After a pholcodine oral administration, the drug is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and it readily crosses the blood-brain barrier after its entry into the central nervous system. The primary area of action is the central nervous system (CNS), and this is achieved indirectly through [url=http://www.thehygienerevolution.com/hollister.php]hollister france[/url] the depression of the cough reflex, as well as a partial direct effect on the cough centre in the medulla oblangata (Eccles, 2005).
Coughing is natural way through which we get rid of unwanted particles in the respiratory system that is lungs or airways to avoid suffocation or death by asphyxation. This involuntary reflex is iniated and achieved when solid particles became into contact with the tiny hairs (referred as cilia) lining the respiratory system endothelium. This will trigger an involuntary response and a signal is sent through the [url=http://www.sandvikfw.net/shopuk.php]hollister sale[/url] central nervous system into the brain via the synapses for a presence of foreign bodies as detected in the lungs (Pratter MR, 2006). The brain then send a reflex action signal back to the body, causing a contraction of the diaphragm to generate a cough in order to expel these particles from the respiratory system.
Pholcodine therefore breaks the coughing reflex and thus prevents development of unproductive coughs which are usually harmful to the patient's physiology. In some cases due to some physiological differences, patient can develop over sensitivity of the lungs, and this may result in development of a continuous cough (Francesco et Al., 2011).
This is usually referred as an unproductive cough since there is nothing to be expelled from the respiratory system, it might do more harm than good to the patient's physiology. This will cause unrest and lack of sleep, and therefore this has to be managed with therapeutically agents containing Pholcodine, since these patients do not indicate any signs of systemic infection such as a presence of phlegm on the chest or fever (Donald CB, 2011). This suppresses the coughing through an interception of a coughing reflex, by Pholcodine or similar products as well as causing drowsiness which helps the patient to sleep. This is only applicable to dry and unproductive cough and it is very important to avoid suppressing a wet cough.
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