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An image of a woman pink shoe floats on my small screen. It a flat, a street version of the ballet shoe. My job is to categorize the shoe based on a listing of basic colors: Could it be red, blue,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], pink, purple, white, green, yellow, multicolored? An account next to it reads Lemonade Leather. This isn't exactly a brain-busting task; I doing it while speaking with a buddy on the phone. With the mouse, I check a box marked In the next split second, an image of the deep blue shirt appears. I check Assuming my answers jibe with the ones from at least two others being paid to scrutinize exactly the same pictures, I just earned 4 cents.
With my computer and Web connection, I have become part of a brand new global workforce, among the thousands of anonymous human hands pulling the strings inside of an internet site called Amazon Mechanical Turk. By color-coding the clothing sold through the online retailer, which helps customers to find, well,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], pink shoes, I can now call myself a Mechanical Turker. Within this new virtual workplace, everything is on a need-to-know basis, including who's doing the work, what the point from the jobs are and, in some cases,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the identity from the company soliciting the job.
Launched in November 2005, Amazon Mechanical Turk is named after a legendary automaton in the 18th century, Turk, which could play chess. The wooden man, adorned with a turban, appeared to be powered by the machinery of the clock. He even check-mated Benjamin Franklin,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], a devotee of the game. The Turk would be a sensation: a piece of equipment that seemed to think. Coinciding with the birth from the Industrial Revolution, the Turk heightened anxieties that machines would replace humans in the workplace. Obviously, it ended up being a fabulous hoax. The ghost in the machine was, as skeptics had suspected, very human. A chess expert was hidden within the Turk, making all of the right moves.
The Modern day twist about the Turk, conceived by Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos, doesn attempt to hide the people within the machine. On the other hand, it celebrates the truth that we now have end up part of the machine. For fees which range from dollars to single pennies per task, workers,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], who cheekily call do themselves tasks that may be rote, like matching a color to a photograph, but they can confound some type of computer. Amazon requires a cut from every task performed.
Amazon claims its virtual workplace provides artificial intelligence a catchy way of saying human thought. a philosophical perspective, it really turning the traditional computing paradigm on its head, says Adam Selipsky, v . p . of product management and developer relations for Amazon Web Services. people get the aid of computers to complete tasks. In this case, it's computers getting the aid of people to do tasks. As Tim O a computer book publisher and tech industry figure, puts it on his blog, old dreams of artificial intelligence are replaced by this new model, in which we are making more intelligent systems by utilizing humans as aspects of the applying.
So who wants to be the human element of a computer application? A lot of people, it turns out. The most dedicated turkers have even formed their own social networks, such as Turker Nation.
The companies are certainly happy. Those I contacted remarked how stunningly little it costs them to get work done through Amazon Mechanical Turk. Divvying up projects to hundreds of people not just gets the job done more quickly than contracting it out to temps or consultants much less a real employee it gets it done much more cheaply. The tag line for the site might be: dirt-cheap artificial artificial intelligence. And, hey, if companies don like the excellence of the work they get from turkers, they just don outlay cash.
The moment it launched, the Mechanical Turk site sparked a hue and cry in the blogosphere. you cheap bastard. Don you at least have the decency to pay minimum wage? demanded one poster on the tech site. Another commentator sneered that it peddled even illegal aliens won do. There's something a little disturbing about a billionaire like Bezos dreaming up new methods for getting ordinary folk to complete work with him for pennies. Is really a cut-rate pittance the logical result of making use of a worldwide workforce of people having a computer, a web connection and an Amazon account? And, really, who are each one of these people employed by a measly 1 cent?
The real human ingenuity of Mechanical Turk shines within the novel ways that companies and workers utilize it to get tasks done efficiently. CastingWords is a transcription service built entirely on the work of Mechanical Turk transcribers and editors. After some code, plus the turkers, it's succeeded in basically automating the procedure. The company charges its customers from 42 cents a minute for podcast transcription to 75 cents a minute for other audio. CastingWords pays Mechanical Turk workers as little as 19 cents one minute for transcription. been terribly helpful for us, says Nathan McFarland of Seattle, among the co-founders of CastingWords. Transcription may be the kind of relatively steady task that keeps turkers with good ears who are fast typists coming back. are those who have been with us for months, plus they not leaving, says McFarland.
One of those workers is Kristy Milland,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], 27, a mother of one who runs an at-home daycare in Toronto, as well as a Site called RealityBBQ about the reality TV show Brother. possess a large amount of free time basically sitting at the computer as the kids play, she says. One of the work she does is editing and quality assurance for CastingWords, but not transcription, because she has tendinitis. (That intelligence tasks, Turker lingo for jobs.) Amazon was paying turkers to make sure that photos of companies utilized on its A9 site, a local search engine, matched the particular businesses listed, an activity some type of computer can do. Within an eight-hour day, when she didn have the kids to watch,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Milland may go through 1,000 photos, creating a cool $30.
Lately, she found a method to goose her earnings by competing for bonuses. Numerous service companies use Mechanical Turk to complete a augmented search. Say you in a sports bar and achieving an argument about whether Roger Clemens has ever thrown a no-hitter. You are able to end the controversy once and for all having a call to one from the services, which instantly posts the question on Mechanical Turk. Turkers then surf the net and generally earn 2 cents for each answer.
Back in the sports bar, when you get the answer hasn't pitched a no-hitter you are able to rate the answer as great, good, lame or junk. Answers deemed or are rejected and also the worker is not paid. If you don rate the answer whatsoever, the worker is automatically paid their 2 cents after 7 days. Turkers who make the most votes in a week get bonuses of around $75. Inside a good week, Milland can answer 100 research questions, making all $2,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], but scoring some of those lucrative performance bonuses, she says, makes the search worthwhile.
The trivia pursuits are so competitive they snatched up by turkers within a minute to be posted. So Milland has set up software to inform her whenever a new question shows up on Mechanical Turk, so she will be the first to seize it. Plus, she armed her Web browser with links to her top 100 reference sites so she can answer the questions as efficiently and accurately as you possibly can. Turkers can choose to become paid in Amazon credit, which makes it easy to shop at the company store. Just the other day, Milland ordered $600 price of DVDs and books on her family, in addition to prizes for contests on her RealityBBQ. basically says,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], tough, they can reject what they need, she says. no recourse. When the site first launched there is more to do, she says. These days it feels as though you will find fewer opportunities and too many workers competing on their behalf.
Obviously, for those its rhetoric about artificial intelligence, Amazon did not launch Mechanical Turk for that good of science. For each task a staff completes for another company, the retailer collects a 10 percent fee from that company. For affordable HITs that pay only a penny, Amazon charges the company half a cent per HIT. Companies need not know the real name, much less the address or Ssn, of turkers. Unless a worker earns more than $600 from the given company, the company doesn't have obligation to issue the worker a tax form, or report the income to the Irs. Few workers cross that $600 threshold with anyone company. There no chance that the worker might land a full-time job with a company through Mechanical Turk, since it expressly forbidden within the site agreement, which requires workers to submit all sort out the website, and not directly to the requester.
To a labor activist like Marcus Courtney of WashTech, a tech workers union, the entire arrangement represents a dystopian vision of a virtual sweatshop. Amazon is attempting to complete is create the virtual day laborer hiring hall on the global scale to bid down wage rates towards the benefit of the employer, he admits that. you've got a major global corporation, based in the Usa, that showing the dark side of globalization. If this sounds like Jeff Bezos vision of the future of labor, I believe that a pretty scary vision, and that we should be paying attention to that.
Rebecca Smith, a lawyer for the National Employment Law Project, seconds that. creativity of economic in avoiding its responsibility to workers never ceases to astound, she says dryly. day labor in the virtual world. Smith sees Mechanical Turk as just another scheme by companies to classify workers as independent contractors to prevent paying them minimum wage and overtime, complying with non-discrimination laws, and having to carry unemployment insurance and workers comp. an example of cyberspace overtaking a rustic labor laws, she says. To him, it a way to kill time. not inside it to make money, I in it to goof off, he admits that. Taylor travels a great deal for business and finds himself sitting around in hotel rooms at night. He doesn like to watch TV much, and says that turking beats playing online for free poker. To him, it money,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], which he blows buying gifts on Amazon,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], like Bill Bennett the Last Best Hope, for his son, a junior in high school. I ever stop being entertained, I stop doing it, he says. just quit.
Yet such a happy diversion for Taylor is serious business for that companies on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Efficient Frontier helps companies discover which keywords will bring Web surfers to their sites. just like a giant human computer, he admits that. just like having an infinite attention span. Stranieri pays qualified turkers to surf a Web directory and determine exactly where a specific site ought to be listed. He pays 5 cents an activity. is extremely low right now since there are so many more workers than tasks at this time, he says. are fishing around for work to do. So why do people get it done if the pay is really low? It a question Stranieri wonders about himself. think it something of a hybrid between trying to make money on the side along with a diversion, a substitute for doing a crossword puzzle. It sort of a mental exercise.
Eric Cranston, 18, who recently graduated from senior high school,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], experienced turking because at that time he didn have anything easier to do. it arrived on the scene, he says, had just broken my foot, so I only agreed to be in your own home not doing anything on the pc. So, why don't you? He used the money he made answering survey questions and transcribing podcasts to purchase a game title controller and a computer monitor. He recently transferred $200 to his banking account. don think anyone had the ability to make a living off of Mturk. There isn enough work, Cranston says. He is one turker, however, who's plotting how you can move up the meals chain. Currently,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Cranston along with a friend are working to launch a Web-based business altering photographs, called Image Den, using, naturally, Mechanical Turkers to treat the pictures.
In its earliest days, someone posted a request on Amazon Mechanical Turk,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], offering to pay for 2 cents for a drawing of a sheep facing left. Peter Cohen, director of Amazon Mechanical Turk, says the company was through the request. The requester was Aaron Koblin, a student in UCLA Design/Media Arts program, who had been writing his master thesis concerning the site. He was intrigued by Amazon effort to some framework for the utilization of people as computers, as he wrote in his thesis. project was very tongue-in-cheek, he tells me. the one hand, it using the system the way it intended to be used. On the other hand, it asking them to do that ridiculous thing.
The grad student invited turkers to draw up to five sheep at the rate of 2 cents apiece. Over 40 days and 40 nights, sheep flooded in at a rate of 11 each hour. By the end, 7,599 turkers had participated. He collected 12,000 sheep and promptly put 10,000 of these up for sale at the rate of $20 for 20 sheep in the Sheep Market. This caused some consternation among the individuals who had drawn them. selling our sheep!!! wailed one poster on the turker forum. Another wrote: anyone remember signing within the rights to the drawings? In fact, they had. To participate in Amazon Mechanical Turk, workers, within the legalese of the site, the work product of any Services you perform is deemed a made for hire for that benefit of the Requester, and all sorts of ownership rights, including worldwide intellectual property rights, will vest using the Requester immediately upon your speed and agility from the Service.
Why sheep? Koblin relished all the associations that sheep have from the biblical followers of the good shepherd to George Orwell Farm. The word industry comes from peasants establishing shop in your own home, when it wasn planting or harvesting season, often spinning wool. cottage industry, which would employ entire families from their houses, has notable similarities to Mechanical Turk, for example employing people for spare time, working at home, and relative anonymity, he wrote in the thesis.
Koblin wanted his project to capture the creativity expressed by turkers, while drawing focus on the insignificant role all of them played in the process. He certainly succeeded in capturing their creativity. Despite he stopped accepting sheep, and started selling them through the lot on the web, more people wrote to him attempting to contribute sheep free of charge. They just wanted to see their sheep join the herd. of these people clearly weren inside it your money can buy, Koblin says. weren doing the work so they might get 2 cents. It had been more about taking part in something larger.
Maybe so. But maybe the ultimate message is: Congrats, fellow humans, we not obsolete! The machines, they still need us! Only at a very sheepish price.相关的主题文章：

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